Question
1. What are the minimum operating altitudes for IFR operations?
2. How do you plan for climb over a point with a MCA?
3. How do you plan your climb when arriving at a route segment with a higher minimum altitude?
4. What factors determine the highest authorized DH or MDA?
5. What is the distinction between DH and MDA?
6. When may an IFR aircraft descend below the authorized DH or MDA?
7. When may an IFR aircraft not land?
8. In addition to flight visibility, and normal approach procedures there are nine visual references available. Any one of these factors will now make a landing legal. Name these nine factors in order of probable sighting. There are 5 lights, 3 markings, and 1 place
9. When must a missed approach be executed? (4 items)
10. What are the takeoff minimums for a non-commercial single engine aircraft?
11. Under what three conditions may a pilot NOT make a procedure turn?
12. When being radar vectored, when do published altitudes apply?

Answer
1. Minimum operating IFR altitudes are normally 1000' above and 4 nautical miles horizontally from highest obstacle. In mountains 2000' and 4 nm horizontally. Within 22 nm of VOR aircraft may descend below MEA (minimum enroute altitude)down to MOCA (minimum obstacle clearance altitude.) 91.177

2. Begin your climb soon enough to reach MCA (minimum crossing altitude) before reaching that point. 91.177 b

3. For a higher altitude along a route segment, begin climb after passing point beyond which the higher minimum applies 91.177 b

4. DHs or MDAs are prescribed in TERPS, prescribed for pilot, for which aircraft is equipped.91.175 b

5. The DH(decision height) is part of precision approaches. These approaches have approach slope guidance for normal landings. While it may be timed it is not a requirement. The MDA is a non-precision approach which provides only course guidance with the altitude determined by stepping down. This is of necessity a timed approach. AIM

6. You may descend below DH/MDA when a normal landing can be made. Prescribed flight visibility or better.

7. An aircraft may not land when flight visibility is less than prescribed in the TERPS. 91.175 d

8. --5. LIGHTS: REIL, threshold, TDZL, VASI, runway.
--3. MARKINGS: threshold, touchdown, runway
--1. PLACE: threshold 91.175 c 3 I
9. A missed approach must be made if below MDA,DH and MAP (missed approach point) and inability to see airport 91.175 e

10. There are no takeoff minimums for part 91 aircraft. 91.175 f

11. A procedure turn may not be made if on; 1. Radar vectors to final; 2. Timed approach from holding; 3. NoPT approach specified. 91.175 j

12. Published altitudes apply when cleared for approach and established on segment of approach. Until then you maintain assigned altitude. 91.175 I (Report your change of altitude.)

Question

26. Under what conditions may an IFR flight take place in controlled airspace?
27. In what time period and how can VORs be checked for legal IFR flight? There are 6 ways.
28. Which VOR checks have 4 degree limits? 6 degree?
29. What may be required in an IFR flight plan that is never required in a VFR flight plan?
30. 1, 2, 3 is a useful way to remember what?
31. The moment you depart the primary airport for an alternate, what does the alternate airport become?
32. What are the weather minimums for an airport with a precision approach to be filed as an alternate?
33. What are the weather minimums for an airport with a non precision approach to be filed as an alternate?
34. What are the weather requirements if your alternate has no instrument procedures?
35. What are IFR fuel requirements on a flight requiring an alternate?
36. When do these fuel requirements not apply?
37. Where is the positive control airspace?
38. What pilot qualifications are required for flight in positive control airspace?

Answer
26.IFR in controlled airspace can take place only with an IFR flight plan and ATC clearance. 91.173

27. VORs are legal to use, that have been checked within the preceding 30 days . The VORs operation must be found to be within tolerance by: any one of six ways:
1. test signal;
2. ground check point;
3. airborne checkpoint;
4. airway center line;
5. prominent ground point;
6. dual VOR check; 91.171

28. VORs must check within 4 degrees:using:
1. A dual VOR check, test signal,
2. VOR ground checkpoint;
--all other checks require within 6 degrees. 91.171

29. An alternate airport.may be required for an IFR flight. 91.169 a 2

30. No alternate is needed on an IFR flight if….
-- weather 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA is…
--forecast as ceiling 2000' and …
--visibility 3 miles. 91.169 b

31. When you fail to land at the first primary airport, the alternate becomes the primary airport. AIM?

32. 600' ceiling and 2 mile visibility. are the required minimums for an airport filed as an alternate with a precision approach procedure. 91.169 c 1 i

33. 800' ceiling and 2 mile visibility. are the required minimums for an airport filed as an alternate with a non-precision approach procedure. 91.169 c 1 ii

34.Airports without approaches require basic VFR from MEA to landing to be used as an alternate. . 91.169 c 2

35. IFR fuel requirements are…fuel enough to destination, to alternate, and 45 minutes cruise. 91.167a

36. IFR fuel requirements do not apply if the destination meet the 1, 2, 3; minimums…see answer #30 91.167 b

37. Class A is always positive control of all aircraft 18,000 up to 60,000 AIM

38. for flight in Class A airspace you must be an IFR private pilot or better 91.135 a 3

Question
1. What aircraft equipment is required for flight in positive control airspace?
2. What is IFR required equipment?
3. What altimeter setting is used in positive control airspace?
4. Does an aircraft used for instrument flight instruction need dual controls?
5. What are safety pilot requirements for simulated IFR flight?
6. How can the preflight action of a local VFR flight differ from that of a local IFR flight?
7. How is the preflight action of a VFR cross country flight similar to the requirements of a local IFR flight?
8. What is the required preflight action for any IFR flight?
9. What are the eligibility requirements for an instrument rating?
10. What must the instrument rating ground instruction include?
11. What flight experience is required for an IFR rating?
12. What is the required recency of IFR experience?

Answer
1.Required Positive Control aircraft instruments are; VFR day/night + Basic IFR instruments, radio, encoding transponder, DME above 24,000 91.135 a

2. IFR flight requires…VFR day/night + two-way radio, turn & bank indicator, ball, sensitive altimeter, clock, electric generator, attitude indicator, heading indicator. 91.205 d

3. 29.92 is used at altitudes above 18,000 by all aircraft 91.121 a 2

4. Dual controls are not required for IFR instruction. Throwover (Bonanza) is o.k. if pilot has private rating and instructor deems safe.

5. Safety pilot must be rated for aircraft, adequate vision. if flying pilot is under the hood. 91.109 b

6. A local VFR flight does not require the information required in 91.103 while a local IFR flight does. 91.103 a (All available information)

7. Cross-country VFR has the same requirements of knowledge as does a local IFR flight. 91.103

8. IFR preflight requires all available information, specifically : weather, fuel, delays, alternatives, Runway, performance, weight, wind, temperature 91.103 b

9. Hold at least a private pilot rating, English, ground instruction, flight instruction, flight experience, written test, flight test. 61.65

10. Instrument student must have logged ground instruction in:
1. FARs, AIM, ATC system and procedures
2. IFR radio navigation, VOR, ADF, ILS systems, charts, plates and DR (dead reckoning)
3. Obtain/use weather information
4. Safe and efficient aircraft operation

11. Applicant must have these minimums of experience: 125 total time with 50 x-country PIC, 40 hours simulated or actual IFR flight may have up to 20 hours simulator, at least 15 hours instruction by CFII. 61.65 b 61.65 e

12. Required currency experience is: Within the last 6 months: 6 approaches, holding and airway tracking.

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